Sketching Arnold's cat

     Sketches of Arnold ' s cat, or a cube, sphere, etc, complement t ... ts into the flow  that aren ' t easily seem using just one representation or the other .

Definitions

To sketch the cat's image under the flow of the linear vector field Ax:

1) find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A .

In[72]:=

A = {{1, 2}, {2, 1}} ; Eigensystem[A]

Out[72]=

{{3, -1}, {{1, 1}, {-1, 1}}}

 2) Lightly sketch the eigenspaces  and the undeformed cat  face in your diagram (or in a preparatory diagram)

In[105]:=

eigenplot = Plot[Evaluate[t {1, -1}], {t, -5, 5}, AspectRatio1]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_10.gif]

Out[105]=

⁃Graphics⁃

In[69]:=

Show[{kittym[IdentityMatrix[2]], eigenplot}, AspectRatio1, DisplayFunction$DisplayFunction]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_13.gif]

Out[69]=

⁃Graphics⁃

RowBox[{RowBox[{RowBox[{ 3),  , Use,  , the,   , (real parts of),  , the,  , eigenva ... pace,  , span[(1, 1)],  , of,  , 3,  , get,  , scaled,  , by,  , 2.}], FontFamily -> Helvetica]}]

In[64]:=

RowBox[{Show, [, RowBox[{RowBox[{Graphics, [, RowBox[{{, RowBox[{RowBox[{Line, [, RowBox[{{, R ... {PointSize[.05], Point/@{{2, 2}, {.8, -.8}, {-.8, .8}, {-2, -2}}}], ,, AspectRatio1}], ]}]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_17.gif]

Out[64]=

⁃Graphics⁃

 4) Figure out   (roughly)   where the points in the cat that lie in the eigenspaces go and "connect the dots" to get the rest of the deformed image .

In[75]:=

Show[GraphicsArray[{Show[kittym[IdentityMatrix[2]], eigenplot], Show[kittym[MatrixExp[Log[2]/3 A]], eigenplot]}], AspectRatio1, DisplayFunction$DisplayFunction]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_21.gif]

Out[75]=

⁃GraphicsArray⁃

 Compare to phase plot :

In[76]:=

phaseplot[A, 1, {-5, 5}]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_25.gif]

Out[76]=

⁃Graphics⁃

 If the eigenvalues are complex, include rotational component of motion, determined by the imaginary part of the eigenvalues .

1 ') find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A .

In[103]:=

B = {{1, -2}, {2, 1}} ; Eigensystem[B]

Out[103]=

{{1 + 2 , 1 - 2 }, {{, 1}, {-, 1}}}

`Normal form basis' is, e.g. {Re[{-i,1}],Im[{-i,1}]}={{0,1},{-1,0}}. The real part  of the eigenvalues is positive, so there is an overall dilation.

In[106]:=

Show[GraphicsArray[{kittym[IdentityMatrix[2]], kittym[MatrixExp[.5 B]]}], AspectRatio1, DisplayFunction$DisplayFunction]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_32.gif]

Out[106]=

⁃GraphicsArray⁃

Some sample plots for repeated eigenvalues

An example with double eigenvalue 1

Eigensystem[{{2, -1}, {1, 0}}]

{{1, 1}, {{1, 1}, {0, 0}}}

kittym[MatrixExp[#/20 {{2, -1}, {1, 0}}]] &/@Range[0, 7]

{⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃}

Show[GraphicsArray[Partition[%, 4]]]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_39.gif]

⁃GraphicsArray⁃

phaseplot[{{2, -1}, {1, 0}}, 1, {-5, 5}]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_42.gif]

⁃Graphics⁃

MatrixExp[t {{2, -1}, {1, 0}}]

{{^t (1 + t), -^t t}, {^t t, -^t (-1 + t)}}

Normal form for double eigenvalue 1 with a one dimensional eigenspace

kittym[MatrixExp[#/20 {{1, 1}, {0, 1}}]] &/@Range[0, 7]

{⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃, ⁃Graphics⁃}

Show[GraphicsArray[Partition[%, 4]]]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_49.gif]

⁃GraphicsArray⁃

phaseplot[{{1, 1}, {0, 1}}, 1, {-5, 5}]

[Graphics:HTMLFiles/kitty3_52.gif]

⁃Graphics⁃

MatrixExp[t {{1, 1}, {0, 1}}]

{{^t, ^t t}, {0, ^t}}

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Created by Mathematica  (November 14, 2003)